arousal

Examples of arousal in the following topics:

• James–Lange Theory of Emotion

  • According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
  • According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, you would experience a feeling of fear only after this physiological arousal had taken place.
  • Different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings.
  • The James–Lange theory of emotion states that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal.
  • Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James–Lange theory

• Arousal Theory of Motivation

  • On the other hand, if we are over-aroused, we will engage in behaviors to reduce our arousal (Berlyne, 1960).
  • Research shows that moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low, performance tends to suffer.
  • Their arousal level is too high.
  • This is an example of how arousal theory works.
  • Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and over-arousal.

• Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)

  • The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
  • Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
  • According to the Schacter–Singer theory, emotion results from the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
  • More specifically, this theory claims that physiological arousal is cognitively interpreted within the context of each situation, which ultimately produces the emotional experience.
  • The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as resulting from the interaction of two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

• Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion

  • The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently.
  • While the James–Lange theory proposes that emotions arise from physical arousal the Cannon–Bard theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994).
  • The Cannon–Bard theory states that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently.

• Defining Emotion

  • Emotions are subjective experiences that involve physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
  • Emotions are subjective states of being that, physiologically speaking, involve physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and cognitive processes, subjective experiences, and expressive behavior.

• Sleep-Wake Disorders

  • Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, while sleeping, while between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.
  • Most parasomnias are due to partial arousal during the transitions between wakefulness and non-rapid-eye-movement (N-REM) sleep or between wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep.
  • Sleep terrors are characterized by a sudden arousal from deep sleep with a scream or cry, accompanied by some behavioral manifestations of intense fear.
  • Night terrors tend to happen during periods of arousal from delta sleep (i.e., slow-wave sleep).

• Sexual Dysfunction and Disease

  • Sexual problems are often categorized in one of four ways: desire disorders, arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders, and sexual pain disorders.
  • Sexual arousal disorders were previously known as frigidity in women and impotence in men, though these have now been replaced with less judgmental terms, such as erectile dysfunction.
  • In the revisions to the DSM-5, sexual desire and arousal disorders in females were combined into female sexual interest/arousal disorder.

• Biology of Emotion

  • It is regulated by the hypothalamus and controls our internal organs and glands, including such processes as pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and arousal in response to emotional circumstances.
  • The RAS is involved with arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and the control of reflexes.
  • The RAS is believed to first arouse the cortex and then maintain its wakefulness so that sensory information and emotion can be interpreted more effectively.
  • The reticular activating system is involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and the control of reflexes.

• Neural Correlates of Memory Consolidation

  • In particular, it appears that emotional arousal following an event influences the strength of the subsequent memory.
  • Greater emotional arousal following learning enhances a person's retention of that stimulus.
  • The amygdala is involved in mediating the effects of emotional arousal on the strength of the memory of an event.

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

  • The influence of classical conditioning can be seen in responses such as phobias, disgust, nausea, anger, and sexual arousal.
  • Thus, a stimulus that has occurred before sexual interaction comes to cause sexual arousal, which prepares the individual for sexual contact.
  • For example, sexual arousal has been conditioned in human subjects by pairing a stimulus like a picture of a jar of pennies with views of an erotic film clip.