spore

Examples of spore in the following topics:

• Firmicutes

  • The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form (endo means within), but it is not a true spore (i.e. not an offspring).
  • The cortex lies beneath the spore coat and consists of peptidoglycan.
  • The core contains the spore chromosomal DNA which is encased in chromatin-like proteins known as SASPs (small acid-soluble spore proteins), that protect the spore DNA from UV radiation and heat.
  • The DNA is replicated and a membrane wall, known as a spore septum, begins to form between it and the rest of the cell.
  • The oval, unstained structures are spores.

• Anthrax

  • Anthrax commonly infects wild and domesticated herbivorous mammals that ingest or inhale the spores while grazing.
  • Humans become infected through contact with the anthrax spores from infected animals.
  • By inhaling contaminated air containing anthrax spores.
  • By handling infected animals and/or animal products, antrax spores can enter through cuts in the skin.
  • By eating undercooked meat containing anthrax spores.

• High Pressure

  • The frist reports showed that bacterial spores were not always inactivated by pressure, while vegetative bacteria were usually killed.
  • Around 1970, researchers renewed their efforts in studying bacterial spores after it was discovered that using moderate pressures was more effective than using higher pressures.
  • These spores, which caused a lack of preservation in the earlier experiments, were inactivated faster by moderate pressure, but in a manner different from what occurred with vegetative microbes.
  • When subjected to moderate pressures, bacterial spores germinate, and the resulting spores are easily killed using pressure, heat, or ionizing radiation.

• Non-Spore-Forming Firmicutes

  • The Firmicutes are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure and some of which do not produce spores.
  • The oval, unstained structures are spores.
  • Discuss the role of non-spore forming Firmicutes in industrial applications, specifically lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

• Heat

  • It is effective in killing fungi, bacteria, spores, and viruses but does not necessarily eliminate prions.
  • This elevated temperature and pressure is sufficient to sterilize samples of any commonly encountered microbes or spores.
  • When using biological indicators, samples containing spores of heat-resistant microbes such as Geobacillus stearothermophilis are sterilized alongside a standard load, and are then incubated in sterile media (often contained within the sample in a glass ampoule to be broken after sterilization).
  • Boiling is not efficient in eliminating spores.
  • Tyndallisation inactivates spores as well, but is a more lengthy process.

• Host Risk Factors

  • The organism forms large numbers of heat-resistant spores.
  • These spores remain viable in the hospital or nursing home environment for long periods of time.
  • Once spores are ingested by a patient, they pass through the stomach unscathed because of their acid-resistance.

• Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease

  • In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter through the respiratory pathways.
  • Pulmonary sporotrichosis: This rare form of the disease occurs when S. schenckii spores are inhaled.

• Fusobacteria

  • Fusobacterium are anaerobic, non-spore forming, gram-negative bacteria that are associated with periodontal disease and Lemierre's syndrome.

• Endospores

  • The DNA is replicated and a membrane wall known as a spore septum begins to form between it and the rest of the cell.
  • Next the peptidoglycan cortex forms between the two layers and the bacterium adds a spore coat to the outside of the forespore.
  • It is commonly characterised by rupture or absorption of the spore coat, swelling of the endospore, an increase in metabolic activity, and loss of resistance to environmental stress.
  • Bacillus subtilis spores are useful for the expression of recombinant proteins and in particular for the surface display of peptides and proteins as a tool for fundamental and applied research in the fields of microbiology, biotechnology and vaccination.

• Botulism

  • Botulism can be prevented by killing the spores by pressure cooking or autoclaving at 121 °C (250 °F) for 30 minutes or providing conditions that prevent the spores from growing.
  • C. botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram positive, spore-forming rod.
  • Foodborne botulism results from contaminated foodstuffs in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to germinate in anaerobic conditions.