hydrolyzed

(verb)

Hydrolysis usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.

Related Terms

Examples of hydrolyzed in the following topics:

  • The Reverse TCA Cycle

    • 4) succinate is converted to succinyl-CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+Pi)
    • 8) ATP citrate lyase is then used to convert citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi).

  • Fts Proteins and Cell Division

    • FtsZ has the ability to bind to GTP, and also exhibits a GTPase domain that allows it to hydrolyze GTP to GDP and a phosphate group.
    • The GTP hydrolyzing activity of the protein is not essential to the formation of filaments or division.

  • Iron Oxidation

    • Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric (Fe3+) form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3).

  • Clostridial and Propionic Acid Fermentation

    • The hydrolyzed compounds are fermented into volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate), neutral compounds (ethanol, methanol), ammonia, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

  • Nitrogen Fixation Mechanism

    • ATP is not hydrolyzed to ADP until component II transfers an electron to component I (see step C and D). 21-25 ATPs are required for each N2 fixed.

  • Respiration and Proton Motive Force

    • This is used by fermenting bacteria, which lack an electron transport chain, and which hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient.

  • Enzymes Used in Industry

    • In the dairy industry, rennin, derived from the stomachs of young ruminant animals (like calves and lambs) is used to manufacture of cheese, used to hydrolyze protein.

  • Lipid Metabolism

    • Before complex lipids can be used to produce energy, they must first be hydrolyzed.

  • Sodium Pumps as an Alternative to Proton Pumps

    • ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP .