Examples of antimicrobial peptide in the following topics:
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- In contrast to the clonal, acquired adaptive immunity, endogenous peptide antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides provide a fast and energy-effective mechanism as front-line defense.
- Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecular weight proteins with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Peptides of the defensin, cathelicidin, and histatin classes are found in humans .
- Once in a target microbial membrane, the peptide kills target cells through diverse mechanisms.
- In addition to important antimicrobial properties, growing evidence indicates that AMPs alter the host immune response through receptor-dependent interactions.
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- Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response and are found among all classes of life.
- Antimicrobial peptides (also called host defense peptides) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response and are found among all classes of life.
- Antimicrobial peptides generally consist of between 12 and 50 amino acids.
- This amphipathicity of the antimicrobial peptides allows the partition of the membrane lipid bilayer.
- Several methods have been used to determine the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity.
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- Antimicrobial resistance has created a public health crisis in the treatment of infectious diseases and necessitates the discovery of new drugs.
- Research on new antimicrobial compounds is geared towards innovative targets to circumvent resistance.
- Some of the proposed areas to investigate include: collecting and examining the list of antimicrobial resistance genes (e.g. exploring the resistome), targeting teichoic acid biosynthesis as a new method to compromise the bacterial wall integrity, producing ribosomal inhibitors to target protein synthesis, targeting outer-membrane transporters with protein epitope mimetics (e.g. mimetics of the cationic antimicrobial peptides that form part of the immune response to microbes), and developing antibody-based strategies and vaccines.
- The initiative to develop new antimicrobial agents is urgently needed but is a long process from invention, to development, to actual clinical application.
- Explain the reasons for low production of new antibiotics and discuss the proposed mechanisms to evade antimicrobial resistance
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- These are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay.
- Then they would take aliquots of the sample to test for the antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (antimicrobial peptides).
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- Two types of antimicrobial drugs work by inhibiting or interfering with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria.
- The first class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics), consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a β-lactam nucleus in their molecular structures.
- The second class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the glycopeptide antibiotics, which are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.
- Describe the two types of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis: beta-lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics
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- Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
- Now, most of these infections can be cured easily with a short course of antimicrobials.
- However, with the development of antimicrobials, microorganisms have adapted and become resistant to previous antimicrobial agents.
- Therefore, it binds to the ribosomal A site and participates in peptide bond formation, producing peptidyl-puromycin.
- Discuss the mechanism of action for protein synthesis inhibitors used as antimicrobial drugs, and recognize various naturally occuring antimicrobial drugs
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- Several types of antimicrobial drugs function by disrupting or injuring the plasma membrane.
- There are several types of antimicrobial drugs that function by disrupting or injuring the plasma membrane.
- Another example is polymyxins antibiotics which have a general structure consisting of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail.
- Discuss the function of the plasma membrane and how antimicrobial drugs target it
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- The cell wall is responsible for bacterial cell survival and protection against environmental factors and antimicrobial stress.
- This affects murein hydrolase activity, resistance to antibacterial peptides, and adherence to surfaces.
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- It usually refers to substances, such as antimicrobial drugs, that act at the ribosome level.
- The E site which is the exit site of the now uncharged tRNA after it gives its amino acid to the growing peptide chain.
- By targeting different stages of the mRNA translation, antimicrobial drugs can be changed if resistance develops to one or many of the drugs.
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- Development of microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents requires alterations in the microbe's cell physiology and structure.
- An example of antimicrobial resistance mediated by anaerobic atmosphere is the shutdown of bacterial protein synthesis by aminoglycosides.
- Development of microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents requires alterations in the microbe's cell physiology and structure.
- Some common pathways bacteria use to effect antimicrobial resistance include: enzymatic degradation or modification of the antimicrobial agent, decreased uptake or accumulation of the antimicrobial agent, altered antimicrobial target, circumvention of consequences of antimicrobial actions, uncoupling of antimicrobial agent-target interaction, or any combination of these mechanisms.
- Describe the mechanisms bacteria use to develop antimicrobial resistance and the factors that can lead to it