instrumentality

Examples of instrumentality in the following topics:

• Expectancy Theory

  • Vroom introduces three variables within his expectancy theory: valence (V), expectancy (E), and instrumentality (I).
  • These three components of expectancy theory (expectancy, instrumentality, and valence) fit together in this fashion:
  • Performance → Outcome (P→O): Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a desired outcome (O) if the performance expectation is met.
  • Instrumentality is low when the outcome is the same for all possible levels of performance.
  • Analyze Vroom's expectancy theory to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of motivating based upon expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

• Perspectives on Motivation

  • Expectancy Theory is similarly derived, but it states this relationship through an equation: Motivation = Expectation (Σ Instrumentality × Valence).
  • Instrumentality simply refers to the belief that a level of performance will result in a level of outcome; valence refers to the value of that outcome.

• Compensation and Competition

  • One of the key instruments in attracting and keeping employees is creating an effective compensation package.

• Types of Innovation

  • Financial innovation has brought many new financial instruments with pay-offs or values depending on the prices of stocks.

• The GLOBE Project

  • They used qualitative methods to assist their development of quantitative instruments.

• Impression Management

  • One is instrumental: we want to influence others and gain rewards.