sympathetic root

Examples of sympathetic root in the following topics:

• Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division

  • Each has three roots entering the ganglion (motor, sympathetic, and sensory roots) and a variable number of exiting branches.
  • The motor root carries presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers (general visceral efferent fibers) that terminate in the ganglion by creating a synapse for the postsynaptic fibers traveling to target organs.
  • The sympathetic root carries postsynaptic sympathetic fibers (general visceral efferent fibers) that traverse the ganglion without creating a synapse.
  • The sensory root carries general sensory fibers (general somatic afferent fibers) that also do not create a synapse in the ganglion.
  • Because of its location, the parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having craniosacral outflow, in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, which is said to have thoracolumbar outflow.

• Autonomic Ganglia

  • The two main categories are: sympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic ganglia.
  • A dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion) is a nodule on a dorsal root of the spine that contains the cell bodies of nerve cells (neurons) that carry signals from the sensory organs towards the appropriate integration center.
  • The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents.
  • Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Sympathetic ganglia are the tissue from which neuroblastoma tumors arise.

• Function and Physiology of the Spinal Nerves

  • The phrenic nerve arises from nerve roots C3, C4, and C5.
  • The sympathetic division typically functions in actions that need quick responses.
  • The functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are detailed.
  • This diagram indicates the formation of a typical spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots.
  • Numbers indicate the types of nerve fibers: 1 somatic efferent, 2 somatic afferent, 3–5 sympathetic efferent, 6–7 sympathetic afferent.

• Sympathetic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system that initiate fight-or-flight, stress-mediated responses.
  • The sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system (the red lines in the diagram below).
  • This response is also known as the sympathetico-adrenal response because the pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla—like all sympathetic fibers—secrete acetylcholine.
  • Sympathetic ganglia are the tissue from which neuroblastoma tumours arise.
  • This intercostal nerve shows the sympathetic ganglion at the top left.

• Root Modifications

  • There are many different types of specialized roots, but two of the more familiar types of roots include aerial roots and storage roots.
  • Storage roots (for example, taproots and tuberous roots) are modified for food storage.
  • Epiphytic roots are a type of aerial root that enable a plant to grow on another plant in a non-parasitic manner.
  • The epiphytic roots of orchids develop a spongy tissue to absorb moisture and nutrients from any organic material on their roots.
  • Other examples of modified roots are aerating roots and haustorial roots.

• Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) contains two subdivisions: the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems.
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other.
  • The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses.
  • Many think of sympathetic as fight or flight and parasympathetic as rest and digest or feed and breed.
  • Distinguish between the parasympathetic and sympathetic subsystems of the autonomic nervous system

• Cervical Plexus

  • There is anastomosis with the accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, and sympathetic trunk.
  • There are two additional branches that are formed by the posterior roots of the spinal nerves:

• The Evolution of Roots in Seedless Plants

  • A tap root system has a main root that grows down vertically from which many smaller lateral roots arise.
  • In addition, some plants actually have a combination of tap root and fibrous roots.
  • The tip of the root is protected by the root cap, a structure exclusive to roots and unlike any other plant structure.
  • Aerial roots and prop roots are two forms of aboveground roots that provide additional support to anchor the plant.
  • (a) Tap root systems have a main root that grows down, while (b) fibrous root systems consist of many small roots.

• Types of Root Systems and Zones of Growth

  • Dicots have a tap root system, while monocots have a fibrous root system, which is also known as an adventitious root system.
  • A tap root system has a main root that grows down vertically, from which many smaller lateral roots arise.
  • Some plants have a combination of tap roots and fibrous roots.
  • The tip of the root is protected by the root cap, a structure exclusive to roots and unlike any other plant structure.
  • (a) Tap root systems have a main root that grows down, while (b) fibrous root systems consist of many small roots.

• Autonomic Interactions

  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems cooperatively modulate internal physiology to maintain homeostasis.
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other.
  • The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses.
  • Consider sympathetic as fight or flight and parasympathetic as rest and digest or feed and breed.
  • Some typical actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are listed below.