Examples of somatic cell in the following topics:
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- Single-celled organisms use cell division as their method of reproduction.
- While there are a few cells in the body that do not undergo cell division, most somatic cells divide regularly.
- A somatic cell is a general term for a body cell: all human cells, except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm (which are referred to as germ cells), are somatic cells.
- Somatic cells contain two copies of each of their chromosomes (one copy received from each parent).
- The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.
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- Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells.
- Somatic cells are diploid cells that make up most of the human body, such as the skin and muscle.
- Hematopoietic stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- Mesenchymal stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells, fat cells, and types of bone cells;
- Epithelial stem cells (progenitor cells) that give rise to the various types of skin cells
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- Each somatic cell in the body generally contains the same DNA.
- If each cell has the same DNA, how is it that cells or organs are different?
- Why do cells in the eye differ so dramatically from cells in the liver ?
- The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed in every cell.
- The control of which genes are expressed dictates whether a cell is (a) an eye cell or (b) a liver cell.
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- These muscle cells are relatively long and have multiple nuclei along the edge of the cell.
- Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, somatic nervous system control and is found in the muscles that move bones.
- Stimulation of these cells by somatic motor neurons signals the cells to contract.
- An added feature to cardiac muscle cells is a line that extends along the end of the cell as it abuts the next cardiac cell in the row.
- Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do.
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- Antibodies undergo class switching, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation to improve their effectiveness to specific pathogens.
- Following activation with antigen, B cells proliferate rapidly.
- In these rapidly dividing cells, the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of point mutation by a process called somatic hypermutation (SHM).
- Initially, naïve B cells express only cell-surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions.
- Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes.
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- B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells) .
- Once a B cell encounters its cognate antigen and receives an additional signal from a T helper cell, it can further differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells.
- The B cell may either become one of these cell types directly or it may undergo an intermediate differentiation step, the germinal center reaction, where the B cell will hypermutate the variable region of its immunoglobulin gene ("somatic hypermutation") and possibly undergo class switching.
- B cells exist as clones.
- B cells that encounter antigen for the first time are known as naive B cells.
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- The first stage is called somatic, or V(D)J, which stands for variable, diverse, and joining regions recombination.
- During cell maturation, the B cell will splice out the DNA of all but one of the genes from each region and combine the three remaining genes together to form one VDJ segment.
- In these rapidly dividing cells, the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of point mutation, by a process called somatic hypermutation (SHM).
- Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes.
- Outline the two stages which result in antibody diversity: somatic (V(D)J) and recombination stages
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- The sensory-somatic nervous system is composed of cranial and spinal nerves and contains both sensory and motor neurons.
- The sensory neuron cell bodies are grouped in structures called dorsal root ganglia .
- The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia.
- The cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the ventral portion of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
- Explain the role of the cranial and spinal nerves in the sensory-somatic nervous system
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- Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste, and olfaction (smell).
- The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion.
- This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has one unilateral axon that has its cell body in Clarke's nucleus (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3).
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- The human sense of touch is known as the somatic or somatosensory system.
- Sensory cell function in the somatosensory system is determined by location.
- Rapidly adapting cells allow us to adjust grip and force appropriately.
- Slowly adapting cells allow us to perceive form and texture.
- Proprioceptors are the receptor cells found in the body's muscles and joints.