Seasonal migration

Examples of Seasonal migration in the following topics:

• Life Functions

  • In most ecosystems, the environmental conditions vary throughout the day or over the course of seasons.
  • Many organisms can adapt to intolerance in their environment through seasonal migration, hibernation, or other adaptations.

• Migration

  • Seasonal migration is generally associated with agriculture and tourism.
  • Seasonal agricultural migrants follow crop cycles, moving from place to place to plant or harvest crops.
  • Some countries, including the United States, allow special permits for seasonal agricultural workers to temporarily work in the country without granting full citizenship rights.
  • Seasonal tourists seek out certain natural amenities, like snow-capped mountains for skiing and winter sports or desert sunshine for a break from oppressive winters.
  • Discuss the types of migration in society and the various theories that explain migration

• The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia

  • Because of the harsh climate and the seasonal migrations required to obtain resources, the Bedouin nomadic tribes generally raised sheep, goats, and camels.
  • Tribes migrated seasonally to reach resources for their herds of sheep, goats, and camels.

• Movement and Migration

  • Migration is the long-range seasonal movement of animals.
  • Wildebeests migrate over 1800 miles each year in search of new grasslands .
  • Although migration is thought of as an innate behavior, only some migrating species always migrate (obligate migration).
  • Animals that exhibit facultative migration can choose to migrate or not.
  • Additionally, in some animals, only a portion of the population migrates, whereas the rest does not migrate (incomplete migration).

• Temperature and Water

  • Animals faced with temperature fluctuations may respond with adaptations, such as migration, in order to survive.
  • Migration, the movement from one place to another, is common in animals, including many that inhabit seasonally-cold climates.
  • Migration solves problems related to temperature, locating food, and finding a mate.
  • Not all animals that can migrate do so as migration carries risk and comes at a high energy cost.
  • The arctic tern is an example of a species that must migrate yearly to deal with temperature fluctuations that exist in the regions where it is found.

• Elements of economic globalization

  • The growth in cross-border economic activities takes five principal forms: (1) international trade; (2) foreign direct investment; (3) capital market flows; (4) migration (movement of labor); and (5) diffusion of technology (Stiglitz, 2003).
  • Capital market flows also include remittances from migration, which typically flow from industrialized to less industrialized countries.
  • Migration: Whether it is physicians who emigrate from India and Pakistan to Great Britain or seasonal farm workers emigrating from Mexico to the United States, labor is increasingly mobile.
  • Migration can benefit developing economies when migrants who acquired education and know-how abroad return home to establish new enterprises.
  • However, migration can also hurt the economy through "brain drain", the loss of skilled workers who are essential for economic growth (Stiglitz, 2003).

• Changing Demographics

  • In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Mexican population in the U.S. grew and African-Americans migrated to the North.
  • Typically, Mexicans moved in order to work as construction, railway, or seasonal agricultural laborers.
  • Some historians differentiate between the first Great Migration (1910–1930), numbering about 1.6 million migrants who left mostly rural areas to migrate to northern and midwestern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (1940 to 1970), in which 5 million or more people moved, including many to California and various western cities.
  • The Great Migration created the first large urban black communities in the North.
  • This later painting, titled "During World War I there was a great migration north by southern Negroes" by the artist Jacob Lawrence, depicts African-American migration north via abstract images.

• Senufo

  • The Senufo are made up of a number of different groups who migrated south to Mali and the Ivory Coast in the 15th and 16th centuries.
  • There is usually a group in each village made up of men from ages 15 to 35, who are in charge of working in the fields and providing a huge festival during the dry season.
  • It meets usually in the dry season, between the months of October and May.

• Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization

  • The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE due to climate change and migration.
  • Many scholars came to believe in an Indo-Aryan Migration theory stating that the Harappan culture was assimilated during a migration of the Aryan people into northwest India.
  • The population came to rely on seasonal monsoons rather than irrigation, and as the monsoons shifted eastward, the water supply would have dried up.
  • The Harappans may have migrated toward the Ganges basin in the east, where they established villages and isolated farms.

• The Chavín Civilization

  • Chakinani, from 500-400 BCE, was a transitional time, when residents migrated to the ceremonial center.
  • To avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season, the Chavín people created a successful drainage system with canals under the temple structure; the rushing water during the rainy season sounds like one of the Chavín's sacred animals, the jaguar.
  • The Chavín people showed advanced knowledge of acoustics, metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control to accommodate the rainy season.