Examples of recombinant DNA in the following topics:
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- Many practical applications of recombinant DNA are found in human and veterinary medicine, in agriculture, and in bioengineering.
- Recombinant DNA technology is the latest biochemical analysis that came about to satisfy the need for specific DNA segments.
- Recombinant DNA technology engineers microbial cells for producing foreign proteins, and its success solely depends on the precise reading of equivalent genes made with the help of bacterial cell machinery.
- Recombinant DNA technology, apart from being an important tool of scientific research, has also played a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially those belonging to genetic disorders.
- Some of the recent advances made possible by recombinant DNA technology are:
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- In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
- Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.
- Recombinant DNA technology, or DNA cloning, is the process of transferring a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element, such as a bacteria plasmid, which is called a vector.
- The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.
- The organism that receives the recombinant DNA is called a genetically-modified organism (GMO).
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- DNA recombination has been used to create gene replacements, deletions, insertions, inversions.
- Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules.
- This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA.
- Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones".
- Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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- Recombinant DNA technology also referred to as molecular cloning is similar to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that it permits the replication of a specific DNA sequence.
- To improve the ratio of recombinant to non-recombinant organisms, the cleaved vector may be treated with an enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) that dephosphorylates the vector ends.
- The creation of recombinant DNA is in many ways the simplest step of the molecular cloning process.
- Insertion of the foreign DNA into the beta-galactosidase coding sequence disables the function of the enzyme, so that colonies containing recombinant plasmids remain colorless (white).
- Therefore, recombinant clones are easily identified .
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- Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
- Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA.
- The creation of recombinant DNA is in many ways the simplest step of the molecular cloning process.
- Whichever method is used, the introduction of recombinant DNA into the chosen host organism is usually a low efficiency process; that is, only a small fraction of the cells will actually take up DNA.
- Explain the methods of obtaining DNA for molecular cloning experiments and the process of creating a recombinant DNA molecule
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- In meiosis and mitosis, recombination occurs between similar molecules (homologs) of DNA.
- In both meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination between homologous chromosomes is a common mechanism used in DNA repair.
- Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea.
- Recombination can be artificially induced in laboratory (in vitro) settings, producing recombinant DNA for purposes including vaccine development.
- Recombination can occur between DNA sequences that contain no sequence homology.
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- In homologous recombination, a type of genetic recombination, nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar molecules of DNA.
- Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
- Homologous recombination is a major DNA repair process in bacteria.
- Double-strand DNA breaks in bacteria are repaired by the RecBCD pathway of homologous recombination .
- The RecBCD pathway is the main recombination pathway used in bacteria to repair double-strand breaks in DNA.
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- There are generally three types of recombination events that can lead to this incorporation of bacterial DNA into the viral DNA, leading to two modes of recombination.
- This may occur in two main ways, recombination and headful packaging.
- This bacterial material may become recombined into another bacterium upon infection.
- When the new DNA is inserted into this recipient cell it can fall to one of three fates: the DNA will be absorbed by the cell and be recycled for spare parts; if the DNA was originally a plasmid, it will recirculate inside the new cell and become a plasmid again; if the new DNA matches with a homologous region of the recipient cell's chromosome, it will exchange DNA material similar to the actions in conjugation.
- This type of recombination is random and the amount recombined depends on the size of the virus being used.
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- Binary fission does not provide an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity, but prokaryotes can share genes by three other mechanisms .
- Transduction results in a recombinant organism.
- The DNA transferred can be in the form of a plasmid or as a hybrid, containing both plasmid and chromosomal DNA.
- The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome.
- In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote.
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- The term linkage was used before the discovery of DNA.
- The exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes is called genetic recombination, which occurs by the crossing over of DNA between homologous strands of DNA, such as nonsister chromatids.
- The greater the distance between two genes, the higher the chance that a recombination event will occur between them, and the higher the recombination frequency between them .
- Non-coding DNA has no known biological function; however, research shows that much of this DNA is actually transcribed.
- Some parts of the genome are recombination hotspots, whereas others do not show a propensity for recombination.