model organism

Examples of model organism in the following topics:

• Use of Whole-Genome Sequences of Model Organisms

  • Sequencing genomes of model organisms allows scientists to study homologous proteins in more complex eukaryotes, such as humans.
  • By 1997, the genome sequences of two important model organisms were available: the bacterium Escherichia coli K12 and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Much basic research is performed using model organisms because the information can be applied to the biological processes of genetically-similar organisms.
  • It is the most-studied eukaryotic model organism in molecular and cell biology, similar to E. coli's role in the study of prokaryotic organisms.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast, is used as a model organism for studying signaling proteins and protein-processing enzymes which have homologs in humans.

• Innovation through business models

  • From a managerial perspective, the business model describes how an organization makes profit.
  • In this section, we review some emerging models in the music industry, in order to illustrate how such models can serve as a source of innovation.
  • That is, a traditional way for organizations to remain profitable is to introduce a series of related goods.
  • As shown earlier in Exhibit 45, the organization introduces eight products (labeled A through H).
  • Over time, the sales for product A begin to decline, so the organization is under considerable pressure to introduce new successful products.

• Modeling Ecosystem Dynamics

  • Conceptual models describe ecosystem structure, while analytical and simulation models use algorithms to predict ecosystem dynamics.
  • Conceptual models are useful for describing ecosystem structure and dynamics and for demonstrating the relationships between different organisms in a community and their environment.
  • The organisms and their resources are grouped into specific compartments with arrows showing the relationship and transfer of energy or nutrients between them .
  • To model the cycling of mineral nutrients, organic and inorganic nutrients are subdivided into those that are bioavailable (ready to be incorporated into biological macromolecules) and those that are not.
  • Like analytical models, simulation models use complex algorithms to predict ecosystem dynamics.

• Comparing Nested Models

  • Multilevel (nested) models are appropriate for research designs where data for participants are organized at more than one level.
  • Multilevel models, or nested models, are statistical models of parameters that vary at more than one level.
  • These models can be seen as generalizations of linear models (in particular, linear regression); although, they can also extend to non-linear models.
  • Multilevel models are particularly appropriate for research designs where data for participants are organized at more than one level (i.e., nested data).
  • Random slopes model.

• Limitations to the Classic Model of Phylogenetic Trees

  • The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing causing limitations to the classic model to arise.
  • The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing.
  • Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists' ideas about how organisms are related.
  • New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
  • Many phylogenetic trees have been shown as models of the evolutionary relationship among species.

• The marketing model

  • The marketing model is a management orientation which maintains that the fundamental task of the organization is to determine needs and wants of customers in the target market and adapt the organization as a whole to satisfy their customers more effectively and efficiently.
  • The marketing model is an approach whereby companies create value for their customers.
  • This concept can be understood by applying it in the so called Value Chain Model introduced by Michael Porter.
  • An application on how this model is applied in marketing is shown Exhibit 13 below.
  • On the other hand, and especially in developing economies, the main disadvantage of this model is the cost in obtaining the information needed to understand the customer.

• Consumer marketing models

  • The purpose of this section is to introduce you to the importance of marketing oriented companies in developing economies, as well as identifying business models which follow a marketing model rather than a product model.
  • The main task of organization is to keep improving quality and reducing cost as key factors to maintain and attract customers.
  • The product model used to be applied in developing or closed economies where few, if any choices were available.
  • Customers had a wide variety of automobile models to choose from while citizens in the Eastern Bloc had few.
  • The latter was operating on a product model rather than a marketing model.

• Studying Ecosystem Dynamics

  • Many different models are used to study ecosystem dynamics, including holistic, experimental, conceptual, analytical, and simulation models.
  • A holistic ecosystem model attempts to quantify the composition, interaction, and dynamics of entire ecosystems.
  • A major limitation to these approaches is that removing individual organisms from their natural ecosystem or altering a natural ecosystem through partitioning may change the dynamics of the ecosystem.
  • Three basic types of ecosystem modeling are routinely used in research and ecosystem management: conceptual models, analytical models, and simulation models.
  • A simulation model is created using complex computer algorithms to holistically model ecosystems and to predict the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics.

• Examples of business models from the music industry

  • After the artist is signed by a record label, then that organization provides a number of services, including financing music recording and production; organizing concert tours; producing and selling merchandise; marketing the band's creation; promoting the band through exposure on mass media; and more.
  • At first glance, the open-content model appears to be very radical, as it differs so much from other models.
  • This model also eliminates the record label.
  • This model follows the open content model, in that music is provided free of charge for music downloads.
  • Rather, an organization can innovate by introducing a new method of doing business, and such innovation has the potential to "turn the world upside down" (a la Google or Facebook).

• Social Constructivism and Instructional Models

  • Instructional models based on the social constructivist perspective stress the need for collaboration among learners and with practitioners in the society (Lave & Wenger, 1991; McMahon, 1997).
  • Lave and Wenger (1991) assert that a society's practical knowledge is situated in relations among practitioners, their practice, and the social organization and political economy of communities of practice.