lysis

Examples of lysis in the following topics:

• Natural Killer Cells

  • Apoptosis is a form of "programmed cell death" in which the cell is stimulated by the cytotoxic mechanisms to destroy itself, while cell lysis is a form of necrosis.
  • Compared to cell lysis, apoptosis does not degrade DNA, and cells are destroyed cleanly and completely on their own.
  • Cellular lysis causes necrosis of that cell, in which the DNA and cell components degrade into debris that must be phagocytized by macrophages.
  • Virus infected cells destroyed by cell lysis will release their replicated virus particles into the body, which will infect other cells, while apoptosis will destroy the virus particles as well.
  • Cancer cells by comparison often develop genetic mechanisms to prevent apoptosis signals from occurring, so cell lysis is generally more effective against them.

• Complement Fixation

  • Lysis of the indicator sheep red blood cells signifies both a lack of antibody in patient serum and a negative complement fixation test.
  • If the patient's serum does contain a complement-fixing antibody, a positive result will be indicated by the lack of red blood cell lysis.

• Batch Culture of Bacteriophages

  • Phages may be released via cell lysis, by extrusion, or, in a few cases, by budding.
  • Lysis, by tailed phages, is achieved by an enzyme called endolysin, which attacks and breaks down the cell wall peptidoglycan.

• Bacteriophage Lambda as a Cloning Vector

  • Usually, a "lytic cycle" ensues, where the lambda DNA is replicated many times and the genes for head, tail and lysis proteins are expressed.
  • This leads to assembly of multiple new phage particles within the cell and subsequent cell lysis, releasing the cell contents, including virions that have been assembled, into the environment.

• Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions

  • That is, mediators of acute inflammation are generated at the site and membrane attack complexes cause cell lysis and death.
  • These channels disrupt the phospholipid bilayer of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death.

• The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of Bacteriophages

  • Some lytic phages undergo a phenomenon known as lysis inhibition, where completed phage progeny will not immediately lyse out of the cell if extracellular phage concentrations are high.
  • At this point they initiate the reproductive cycle, resulting in lysis of the host cell.

• The Complement System

  • Activation of the complement leads to robust and efficient proteolytic cascades, which terminate in opsonization and lysis of the pathogen as well as in the generation of the classical inflammatory response through the production of potent proinflammatory molecules.
  • The functions of the complement system, oposonization, lysis, and generation of the inflammatory response through soluble mediators, are paradigmatic and represent a well-characterized component of an innate host defense.

• The Cell Wall of Bacteria

  • A wall located outside the cell membrane provides the cell support, and protection against mechanical stress or damage from osmotic rupture and lysis .

• Temperate Bacteriophages: Lambda and P1

  • Alternatively, in its lytic phase, P1 can promote cell lysis during growth, resulting in host cell death.
  • Usually, a "lytic cycle" ensues, where the lambda DNA is replicated many times and the genes for head, tail, and lysis proteins are expressed.
  • This leads to assembly of multiple new phage particles within the cell and subsequent cell lysis, releasing the cell contents, including virions that have been assembled, into the environment.

• Overview of Bacterial Viruses

  • At this point they initiate the reproductive cycle, resulting in lysis of the host cell.
  • Phages may be released via cell lysis, by extrusion, or, in a few cases, by budding.
  • Lysis, by tailed phages, is achieved by an enzyme called endolysin, which attacks and breaks down the cell wall peptidoglycan.