John J. Pershing

(noun)

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was a general officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest Army rank ever held: General of the Armies.

Related Terms

  • Selective Service Act
  • Newton D. Baker
  • General Enoch Crowder
  • Zimmermann Telegram
  • Banana Wars
  • Francisco “Pancho” Villa
  • gavilleros

(noun)

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was a general officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the U.S. Army — General of the Armies.

Related Terms

  • Selective Service Act
  • Newton D. Baker
  • General Enoch Crowder
  • Zimmermann Telegram
  • Banana Wars
  • Francisco “Pancho” Villa
  • gavilleros

Examples of John J. Pershing in the following topics:

  • Intervention in Mexico

    • In response, President Wilson sent forces commanded by General John J.
    • Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa .
    • Pershing was forced to abandon the mission and return to the United States, and troops were withdrawn from Mexico by February 1917.
    • General Pershing led the expedition into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa.
  • Wilson and Latin America

    • In response, President Wilson sent forces commanded by General John J.
    • Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa.
    • Pershing was forced to abandon the mission and return to the United States.
    • General Pershing led the expedition into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa.
  • America's Early Role

    • In May 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Major General John J.
    • Pershing.
    • Pershing remained in command for the entire war.
    • In addition, Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies, and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in decimated Allied units.
    • As an exception, Pershing did allow African-American combat regiments to be used in French divisions.
  • Commander-in-Chief

    • On the other hand, Woodrow Wilson paid very little attention to operational military details of World War I and had very little contact with General John J.
    • Pershing, who commanded the armies in the field.
    • President Abraham Lincoln, as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces, with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John A.
  • The Call to Arms

    • In May 1917, President Wilson appointed Major General John J.
    • Pershing as the U.S. armed forces commander.
    • Yet Pershing required that his soldiers were fully trained before going to Europe, resulting in few arriving before 1918.
    • Despite the mixed feelings of Allied leaders who distrusted an army lacking experience in large-scale warfare, Pershing insisted that American forces would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies or act as replacements in decimated Allied units.
  • The War in France

    • The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were the United States troops, often called “Doughboys”, sent to fight in France alongside the British and French armies against Germany under the command of Major General John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing.
    • After the first offensive action and AEF victory at the Battle of Cantigny on May 28 and another at Belleau Wood beginning June 6, Pershing worked to deploy a full field army.
    • Pershing commanded more than 500,000 men in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by U.S. forces to date.
    • This success was followed by the Meuse-Argonne offensive from September 26 to November 11, 1918, in which Pershing commanded more than 1 million American and French troops.
  • Bibliography

    • Haaser and J.
    • Heald and J.
  • The energy method

    • To derive the equations of motion, all we have to do is set $m_j \ddot{x}_j = - \frac{\partial U}{\partial x_j}$ .
    • $i = j$ , in which case the derivative is $k_j (x_j - x_{j-1})$ .
    • $i-1 = j$ , in which case $i = j+1$ and the derivative is $-k_{j+1} (x_{j+1} - x_j)$ .
    • $\displaystyle{ \label{eq:lattice} m_ j \ddot{x}_j = - \frac{\partial U}{\partial x_j} = k_{j+1} (x_{j+1} - x_j) - k_j (x_j - x_{j-1}) . }$
    • $\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{\omega_0 ^2} \ddot{x _ j} = x_{j+1} - 2 x_j + x_{j-1}.
  • References

    • ., Alderfer, C.J., Bell, E.L. & Jones, J. (1992).
    • Atherton, J.S. (2004).
    • Ball-Rokeach, S.J., Rokeach, M., &Grube, J.W. (1984).
    • McGregor, J. (1993).
    • New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • References

    • Dossey, J., Mullis, I., Lindquist, M., & Champbers, D. (1988).
    • Goodlad, J.
    • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991).
    • John-Steiner, S.
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