isotype

Examples of isotype in the following topics:

• Isotype Class Switching

  • Antibodies can come in different varieties, known as isotypes or classes.
  • In placental mammals there are five antibody isotypes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.
  • The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell development and activation.
  • Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching, or isotypic commutation, or class switch recombination (CSR)) is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another; for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG.
  • Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells.

• Antibodies: Classes and Affinity Maturation

  • Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function.
  • Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes.
  • Class switching is triggered by cytokines; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment.
  • This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype.
  • Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells.

• Antibody Genes and Diversity

  • There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess.
  • Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.
  • This creates a different isotype of the antibody while retaining the antigen specific variable region, thus allowing a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system.

• Structure and Function of Antibodies

  • In some isotypes, the tail end of the antibody is called the constant region and faces away from the "Y-shaped" paratobe ends, functioning as an Fc tail to which phagocytes can bind.
  • Five different isotypes of antibodies each perform different functions and are generally found in different parts of the body.

• Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding

  • There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess .
  • Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.

• Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • In primary antibody deficiencies, one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin are decreased or don't function properly.

• Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

  • IgG is passed through the placenta to the developing fetus, and is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta.

• Immunological Memory

  • During pregnancy, IgG, a certain isotype of antibody, is transported to the baby from the mother through the placenta, so even babies have high levels of antibodies with similar antigen specificities as the mother.