innate

Examples of innate in the following topics:

• Physical and Chemical Barriers

  • The innate immune response has physical and chemical barriers that exist as the first line of defense against infectious pathogens.
  • The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Both the innate and adaptive levels of the immune response involve secreted proteins, receptor-mediated signaling, and intricate cell-to-cell communication.
  • The skin is considered the first defense of the innate immune system; it is the first of the nonspecific barrier defenses.
  • In the innate immune system, they serve to move pathogens out of the respiratory system via a concerted sweeping motion.

• The Complement System

  • The serum complement system, which represents a chief component of innate immunity, not only participates in inflammation but also acts to enhance the adaptive immune response.
  • Specific activation of the complement via innate recognition proteins or secreted antibody releases cleavage products that interact with a wide range of cell surface receptors found on myeloid, lymphoid, and stromal cells.
  • The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens.
  • It is now understood that the complement is a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses that allows an integrated host defense to pathogenic challenges.
  • It has become increasingly understood that complement functions in host defense extend beyond innate immune responses.

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
  • If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
  • Generalize the role of the innate and adaptive immune system in regards to antibody response

• The Complement System

  • The innate immune system serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body.
  • Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
  • When innate mechanisms are insufficient to clear an infection, the adaptive immune response is informed and mobilized.

• Introduction to Animal Behavior

  • Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus and can be grouped as innate or learned.
  • One goal of behavioral biology is to distinguish the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning.

• Iron-Binding Proteins

  • Iron binding proteins of the innate immune system include lactoferrin and transferrins.
  • It has antimicrobial activity (bacteriocide, fungicide) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses.

• Simple Learned Behaviors

  • The majority of the behaviors discussed in previous sections are innate or at least have an innate component.
  • In other words, variations on the innate behaviors may be learned.

• Nature vs. Nurture: A False Debate

  • Is nature (an individual's innate qualities) or nurture (personal experience) more important in determining physical and behavioral traits?
  • The nature versus nurture debate rages over whether an individual's innate qualities or personal experiences are more important in determining physical and behavioral traits .
  • The "nature" in the nature versus nurture debate generally refers to innate qualities.

• Movement and Migration

  • Even humans, with our great capacity to learn, still exhibit a variety of innate behaviors.
  • Another activity or movement of innate behavior is kinesis: undirected movement in response to a stimulus.
  • Although migration is thought of as an innate behavior, only some migrating species always migrate (obligate migration).

• Pathogen Recognition

  • Upon pathogen entry to the body, the innate immune system uses several mechanisms to destroy the pathogen and any cells it has infected.
  • The innate immune system must respond accordingly by identifying the extracellular pathogen and/or by identifying host cells that have already been infected.
  • Interleukins are involved in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • The characteristics and location of cells involved in the innate immune system are described in this chart.
  • Describe the role of PAMPs and PRRs, interferons, and other cytokines in innate immunity