clonal

Examples of clonal in the following topics:

• Clonal Selection and Tolerance

  • Clonal selection and tolerance select for survival of lymphocytes that will protect the host from foreign antigens.
  • Clonal selection occurs after immature lymphocytes express antigen receptors.
  • clonal selection of the B and T lymphocytes:1.
  • Describe the importance of central and peripheral tolerance and distinguish between positive and negative clonal selection

• Clonal Selection and B-Cell Differentiation

  • B cells undergo clonal selection and develop similarly to T cells with some notable differences.
  • When the B cell fails in any step of the maturation process, it will die by apoptosis, here called clonal deletion.
  • If these B cells have high affinity for binding to self-antigens, they will die by clonal deletion or another pathway such as anergy.
  • Clonal expansion is the process by which daughter cells arise from a parent cell.
  • During B cell clonal expansion, many copies of that B cell are produced that share affinity with and specificity of the same antigen.

• Clonal Selection and T-Cell Differentiation

  • Clonal selection is an theory that attempts to explain why lymphocytes are able to respond to so many different types of antigens.
  • Clonal selection assumes that lymphocytes are selected during antigen presentation because they already have receptors for that antigen.
  • This mass production is termed "clonal expansion," in which daughter cells proliferate into several generations of clones of the original parent cells.
  • Clonal selection may also be used during negative selection during T cell maturation.
  • Clonal selection is thought to cause mutations of antigen-binding affinity in memory cells during clonal expansion so that memory cells have greatly increased antigen-binding affinity than the effector cells during the first response.

• Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells

  • The clonal selection hypothesis is a widely accepted model for the immune system's response to infection.
  • Talmage, worked on this model and was the first to name it "clonal selection theory. " Burnet explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte.
  • In 1958, Sir Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody, which was the first evidence for clonal selection theory.
  • Such clonality has important consequences, as immunogenic memory relies on it .
  • Describe the clonal selection hypothesis in regards to the production of B cells

• Antimicrobial Peptides

  • In contrast to the clonal, acquired adaptive immunity, endogenous peptide antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides provide a fast and energy-effective mechanism as front-line defense.

• The Heat-Shock Response

  • This is an example of small heat shock proteins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clonal Variants Isolated from Diverse Niches.

• Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

  • Other terms that apply are vegetative propagation, clonal growth, or vegetative multiplication.

• Maturation of B Cells

  • When the B cell fails in any step of the maturation process, it will die by a mechanism called apoptosis, or specifically, clonal deletion.
  • Such clonality has important consequences because immunogenic memory relies on it.

• Generation Time

  • It emphasizes clonality, asexual binary division, the short development time relative to replication itself, the seemingly low death rate, the need to move from a dormant state to a reproductive state or to condition the media, and finally, the tendency of lab adapted strains to exhaust their nutrients.

• Limitations to the Classic Model of Phylogenetic Trees

  • Classical thinking about prokaryotic evolution, included in the classic tree model, is that species evolve clonally.