Anthracite coal

Examples of Anthracite coal in the following topics:

• The Coal Strike of 1902

  • The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 is significant as the first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a mediator.
  • The Coal Strike of 1902 was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania .
  • Homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal.
  • The Anthracite Coal Strike is significant because it was the first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator.
  • The anthracite strike ended, after 163 days, on October 23, 1902.

• Industrialization and the Environment

  • In 1790, anthracite coal was first discovered in what is now known as the Coal Region of Pennsylvania.
  • A harder and high-quality form of coal, anthracite soon became the primary source of fuel in the United States for domestic and industrial use.
  • The consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels eventually gave rise to unprecedented air pollution.
  • Anthracite coal breaker and power house buildings, New Mexico, ca. 1935
  • Coal tends to release large quantities of carbon as it is burned to make electricity.

• Resolving Disagreements

  • The Coal Strike of 1902 was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania.
  • The strike never resumed, as the miners received more pay for fewer hours; the owners got a higher price for coal, and did not recognize the trade union as a bargaining agent.
  • Governments have also relied on arbitration to resolve particularly large labor disputes, such as the Coal Strike of 1902.

• Irish Immigration

  • The anthracite-coal region of northeastern Pennsylvania saw a massive influx of Irish during this time period; conditions in the mines eventually gave rise to groups and secret societies such as the Molly Maguires.

• The Square Deal

  • In May 1902, anthracite coal miners went on strike, threatening a national energy shortage.
  • After threatening the coal operators with intervention by federal troops, Roosevelt won their agreement to an arbitration of the dispute by a commission, which succeeded in stopping the strike, dropping coal prices and retiring furnaces; the accord with J.P.

• The Molly Maguires

  • The Molly Maguires were a secret Irish-American organization that consisted mainly of coal miners.
  • During the mid 19th century, "hard coal" mining came to dominate northeastern Pennsylvania.
  • The families blamed the coal company for failing to finance a secondary exit for the mine.
  • The union grew powerful; thirty thousand members — 85% of Pennsylvania's anthracite miners — had joined.
  • Gowen, the president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad as well as the Coal and Iron Company, had built a combination of his own, bringing all of the mine operators into an employers' association known as the Anthracite Board of Trade.

• Allotropes of Carbon

  • Amorphous graphite: fine particles, the result of thermal metamorphism of coal; sometimes called meta-anthracite

• The Shift to Coal

• The European Coal and Steel Community

• Consumerism and Advertising