adduct

(noun)

A complex molecule formed by the combination of two or more molecules, such as a complete antigen created by a hapten and a carrier.

Related Terms

  • hapten

Examples of adduct in the following topics:

  • Complete Antigens and Haptens

    • When haptens and carriers combine, the resulting molecule is called an adduct, the combination of two or more molecules.
    • Other haptens, such as flourescein, detect proteins with which they form adducts.
    • A complete antigen is essentially a hapten-carrier adduct.
    • In most cases this can only be elicited by theonly the hapten-carrier adduct.
    • Sometimes the small-molecule hapten can block immune response to the complete antigen by preventing the adduct from binding to the antibody, a process called hapten inhibition.
  • Pulled Groin

    • These groin muscles adduct the thigh (bring the femur and knee closer to the midline).
    • This difference in innervation has caused some dispute whether or not the pectineus belongs to this groin and adduction group even though it still adducts the thigh.
  • Cycloaddition Reactions

    • In each case the diene reactant is colored blue, and the new σ-bonds in the adduct are colored red.
    • In the first example, the acetoxy substituents on the diene have identical E-configurations, and they remain cis to each other in the cyclic adduct.
    • Likewise, the ester substituents on the dienophile have a trans-configuration which is maintained in the adduct.
    • The reactants in the second equation are both monocyclic, so the cycloaddition adduct has three rings.
  • Regioselectivity and Lewis Acid Catalysis

    • Some chemists refer to the isomeric adducts as ortho, meta and para, in reference to similar disubstitution isomers of benzene.
    • As a rule, the C-1 substituted dienes form ortho-adducts predominantly, and C-2 substituted dienes produce para-adducts as the major product.
    • The second example shows the preference for para adducts from C-2 substituted dienes.
    • Despite disubstitution of the diene and the dienophile in this case, the endo adduct is formed with high regioselectivity and yield at a relatively low temperature.
    • The endo adduct is favored under both conditions.
  • Chewing Muscles

    • Mastication, or chewing, involves the adduction and lateral motions of the jaw bone.
    • Mastication, or the act of chewing, involves adduction and lateral motion of the jaw bone.
  • Metal Cations that Act as Lewis Acids

    • The modern-day definition of a Lewis acid, as given by IUPAC, is a molecular entity—and corresponding chemical species—that is an electron-pair acceptor and therefore able to react with a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct; this is accomplished by sharing the electron pair furnished by the Lewis base.
    • However, metal ions such as Na+, Mg2+, and Ce3+ often form Lewis adducts upon reacting with a Lewis base.
  • Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds

    • The trihalides form planar trigonal structures and are Lewis acids because they readily form adducts with electron-pair donors, which are called Lewis bases.
    • All three lighter boron trihalides, BX3 (X = F, Cl, Br), form stable adducts with common Lewis bases.
    • Their relative Lewis acidities can be evaluated in terms of the relative exothermicities of the adduct-forming reaction.
    • In an alternative explanation, the low Lewis acidity for BF3 is attributed to the relative weakness of the bond in the adducts F3B-L.
  • Movement at Synovial Joints

    • There are several different types of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
    • Movement of the limbs inward after abduction is an example of adduction.
    • (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of movement.
    • Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions.
  • Posterior Muscles

    • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
    • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
    • Actions – Extends, flexes, and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
  • Neck Muscles

    • Actions -Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
    • Actions - Extends and controls abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
    • Actions – Extends and flexes to control abduction and adduction of the spine and neck.
    • It controls adduction, abduction and rotation of the head, the intermediate region retracts the scapula, and the inferior region rotates and depresses the scapula.
    • Actions – Abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and rotation of the neck depending on intra and inter-muscle contractions.
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