Examples of quantum in the following topics:
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- Quantum numbers provide a numerical description of the orbitals in which electrons reside.
- Formally, the dynamics of any quantum system are described by a quantum Hamiltonian (H) applied to the wave equation.
- The average distance increases with n, thus quantum states with different principal quantum numbers are said to belong to different shells.
- The second quantum number, known as the angular or orbital quantum number, describes the subshell and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation.
- The value of the mℓ quantum number is associated with the orbital orientation.
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- Quantum mechanics provides a recipe for calculating this probability distribution.
- An adequate account of quantum indeterminacy requires a theory of measurement.
- Many theories have been proposed since the beginning of quantum mechanics, and quantum measurement continues to be an active research area in both theoretical and experimental physics.
- In quantum mechanical formalism, it is impossible that, for a given quantum state, each one of these measurable properties (observables) has a determinate (sharp) value.
- In the world of quantum phenomena, this is not the case.
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- Heisenberg offered such an observer effect at the quantum level as a physical explanation of quantum uncertainty.
- It has since become clear, however, that the uncertainty principle is inherent in the properties of all wave-like systems and that it arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter-wave nature of all quantum objects.
- Since the uncertainty principle is such a basic result in quantum mechanics, typical experiments in quantum mechanics routinely observe aspects of it.
- These include, for example, tests of number-phase uncertainty relations in superconducting or quantum optics systems.
- One of the most-oft quoted results of quantum physics, this doozie forces us to reconsider what we can know about the universe.
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- This "photoequivalence law" was derived by Albert Einstein during his development of the quantum (photon) theory of light.
- The efficiency with which a given photochemical process occurs is given by its Quantum Yield (Φ).
- Since many photochemical reactions are complex, and may compete with unproductive energy loss, the quantum yield is usually specified for a particular event.
- The quantum yield of these products is less than 0.2, indicating there are radiative (fluorescence & phosphorescence) and non-radiative return pathways (green arrow).
- Several secondary radical reactions then follow (shown in the gray box), making it difficult to assign a quantum yield to the primary reaction.
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- The angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2, ... determines the magnitude of the angular momentum.
- This leads to a third quantum number, the principal quantum number n = 1, 2, 3, ....
- The principal quantum number in hydrogen is related to the atom's total energy.
- Note that the maximum value of the angular momentum quantum number is limited by the principal quantum number: it can run only up to n − 1, i.e. ℓ = 0, 1, ..., n − 1.
- Therefore, any eigenstate of the electron in the hydrogen atom is described fully by four quantum numbers.
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- The hydrogen atom (consisting of one proton and one electron, not the diatomic form H2) has special significance in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory as a simple two-body problem physical system that has yielded many simple analytical solutions in closed-form.
- The angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2, ... determines the magnitude of the angular momentum.
- This leads to a third quantum number, the principal quantum number n = 1, 2, 3, ....
- The principal quantum number in hydrogen is related to the atom's total energy.
- Note the maximum value of the angular momentum quantum number is limited by the principal quantum number: it can run only up to n − 1, i.e. ℓ = 0, 1, ..., n − 1.
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- As a result of these observations, physicists articulated a set of theories now known as quantum mechanics.
- In some ways, quantum mechanics completely changed the way physicists viewed the universe, and it also marked the end of the idea of a clockwork universe (the idea that universe was predictable).
- Max Planck named this minimum amount the "quantum," plural "quanta," meaning "how much."
- One photon of light carries exactly one quantum of energy.
- Planck is considered the father of the Quantum Theory.
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- An LCAO approximation is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals, used to calculate molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry.
- A linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO, is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry.
- In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wave functions.
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- Since the Bohr model is a quantum-physics-based modification of the Rutherford model, many sources combine the two: the Rutherford–Bohr model.
- Due to its simplicity and correct results for selected systems, the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics.
- The quantum theory from the period between Planck's discovery of the quantum (1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory.
- where n = 1, 2, 3, ... is called the principal quantum number and ħ = h/2π.
- This marks the birth of the correspondence principle, requiring quantum theory to agree with the classical theory only in the limit of large quantum numbers.
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- The Pauli exclusion principle, formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, states that no two fermions of the same kind may simultaneously occupy the same quantum state.
- In the theory of quantum mechanics, fermions are described by antisymmetric states.
- In contrast, particles with integer spin (bosons) have symmetric wave functions; unlike fermions, bosons may share the same quantum states.
- Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state, so electrons have to "stack" within an atom—they have different spins while at the same place.
- As spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the two electrons are in different quantum states and do not violate the Pauli exclusion principle.