correspondence principle

(noun)

States that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics (or by the old quantum theory) reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum number.

Related Terms

  • emission
  • The Correspondence Principle
  • unstable
  • spiral

Examples of correspondence principle in the following topics:

  • Introduction

    • The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds is not immediately adjacent to the visible spectrum, but is that having a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm, with a corresponding frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz.
    • Consequently, virtually all organic compounds will absorb infrared radiation that corresponds in energy to these vibrations.
    • Infrared spectrometers, similar in principle to the UV-Visible spectrometer described elsewhere, permit chemists to obtain absorption spectra of compounds that are a unique reflection of their molecular structure.
  • Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps

    • This quantum uncertainty principle can also be expressed in terms of other variables.
    • Recall from the uncertainty principle that we cannot simultaneously know an electron's position and velocity—therefore we are unable to determine its trajectory.
    • The clouds of probability do not look like nor do they correspond to classical orbits.
    • The uncertainty principle prevents us from knowing how the electron gets from one place to another, and so an orbit really does not exist as such.
  • The Building-Up (Aufbau) Principle

    • The Aufbau principle determines an atom's electron configuration by adding electrons to atomic orbitals following a defined set of rules.
    • The values ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the s, p, d, and f labels, respectively.
    • According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, two electrons in an orbital will not spin the same way.
    • This assumption is approximately true—enough for the principle to be useful—but not physically reasonable.
    • Each diagonal read arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.
  • Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

    • Note that the origin corresponds to the composition at which half of the reactants have been converted into products.
    • In contrast, there is only a single value (point 2) of $\Delta G^{\circ}$, corresponding to the composition at which $\Delta G$ = 0 (point 1).
    • The equilibrium point of such a reaction would be at the origin, corresponding to half the reactants being converted to products.
    • The important principle to understand is that a negative $\Delta G^{\circ}$ does not mean that the reactants will be completely transformed into products.
  • Changes in Concentration

    • The effect of changes in the concentration of products and reactants in a reversible reaction can be predicted by Le Chatelier's Principle.
    • This principle has a variety of names; in chemistry it is known as Le Chatelier's principle.
    • In turn, the rate of reaction, extent, and yield of products will be altered in correspondence with the impact on the system.
    • Using Le Chatelier's principle, we can predict that the amount of methanol will increase, decreasing the total change in CO.
  • Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions

    • The Aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau, meaning "building up, construction;" also called the Aufbau rule or building-up principle) is used to determine the electron configuration of an atom, molecule, or ion.
    • The principle postulates a hypothetical process in which an atom is "built up" by the progressive addition of electrons.
    • The number of electrons that can occupy each orbital is limited by the Pauli exclusion principle.
    • Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.
    • The periodic table can be broken into blocks, corresponding to the highest energy electrons.
  • Periods 1 through 3

    • The principle of valence emerged, attributable to the presence or absence of electrons and the energy of those electrons in the volume around an atom's nucleus.
    • Electron are organized in energy levels or electron shells, which correspond to the periods on the periodic table.
    • The Aufbau principle describes the incremental filling of orbitals and building atoms with known electronic configurations.
  • Crystal Structure: Packing Spheres

    • In principle, one can reconstruct the structure of an entire crystal by repeating the unit cell so as to create a three-dimensional lattice.
    • Each sphere that participates in a crystal structure has a coordination number, which corresponds to the number of spheres within the crystalline structure that touch the sphere that is being evaluated.
  • Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals

    • For a corresponding σ-bonding orbital, such an orbital would be symmetrical, but are differentiated from it by an asterisk, as in σ*.
    • For a π-bond, corresponding bonding and antibonding orbitals would not have such symmetry around the bond axis, and are designated π and π* respectively.
    • The Aufbau principle states that orbitals are filled starting with the lowest energy
    • The Pauli exclusion principle states that the maximum number of electrons. occupying an orbital is two, with opposite spins.
  • Pericyclic Reactions

    • The four principle classes of pericyclic reactions are termed: Cycloaddition, Electrocyclic, Sigmatropic, and Ene Reactions.
    • Corresponding intramolecular reactions, which create an additional ring, are well known.
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