vertical transmission

Examples of vertical transmission in the following topics:

• Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.
  • Horizontal gene transfer is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.

• Plant Viruses

  • When plant viruses are transferred between different plants, this is known as horizontal transmission; when they are inherited from a parent, this is called vertical transmission.

• Synaptic Transmission

  • Synaptic transmission is a chemical event which is involved in the transmission of the impulse via release, diffusion, receptor binding of neurotransmitter molecules and unidirectional communication between neurons.
  • The chemical event is involved in the transmission of the impulse via release, diffusion, receptor binding of neurotransmitter molecules and unidirectional communication between neurons.

• Discovery and Detection of Viruses

  • The surface structure of virions can be observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, whereas the internal structures of the virus can only be observed in images from a transmission electron microscope.
  • In these transmission electron micrographs, (a) a virus is dwarfed by the bacterial cell it infects, while (b) these E. coli cells are dwarfed by cultured colon cells.

• Balance and Determining Equilibrium

  • One is oriented in the horizontal plane, whereas the other two are oriented in the vertical plane.
  • The anterior and posterior vertical canals are oriented at approximately 45 degrees relative to the sagittal plane .
  • The semicircular canals contain several ampullae, with some oriented horizontally and others oriented vertically.
  • By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional (3-D) space.

• Virus Classification

  • The surface structure of virions can be observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, whereas the internal structures of the virus can only be observed in images from a transmission electron microscope.
  • Transmission electron micrographs of various viruses show their structures.

• Plant Responses to Gravity

  • A few hours later, the shoot or root will show growth in the new vertical direction .
  • After the shoot or root begin to grow vertically, the amyloplasts return to their normal position.
  • Despite being tilted, amyloplasts will cause the shoot to grow in a vertical direction.

• Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron: Action Potential

  • Transmission of a signal within a neuron (in one direction only, from dendrite to axon terminal) is carried out by the opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels, which cause a brief reversal of the resting membrane potential to create an action potential .

• Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron: Resting Potential

• Soil Formation

  • Soil distribution is not homogenous because its formation results in the production of layers; the vertical section of the layers of soil is called the soil profile.
  • The vertical section of soil layers is called the soil profile.