sum rule

Examples of sum rule in the following topics:

• Rules of Probability for Mendelian Inheritance

  • The word "and" is a signal to apply the product rule.
  • The sum rule is applied when considering two mutually-exclusive outcomes that can result from more than one pathway.
  • The word "or" indicates that you should apply the sum rule.
  • You should also notice that we used the product rule to calculate the probability of PH and QT and also the probability of PT and QH, before we summed them.
  • The sum rule can be applied to show the probability of having just one dominant trait in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross.

• The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross

  • A Punnett square applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a monohybrid cross and their expected frequencies.
  • A Punnett square, devised by the British geneticist Reginald Punnett, can be drawn that applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected frequencies.To prepare a Punnett square, all possible combinations of the parental alleles are listed along the top (for one parent) and side (for the other parent) of a grid, representing their meiotic segregation into haploid gametes .
  • Furthermore, because the YY and Yy offspring have yellow seeds and are phenotypically identical, applying the sum rule of probability, we expect the offspring to exhibit a phenotypic ratio of 3 yellow:1 green.

• Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Lung volumes measure the amount of air for a specific function, while lung capacities are the sum of two or more volumes.
  • It is the sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume.
  • It is, therefore, the sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
  • It is the sum of the residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume. .

• Basic Principles of Gas Exchange

  • Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures of a gaseous mixture.
  • Dalton’s law describes the behavior of nonreactive gases in a gaseous mixture and states that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure; thus, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
  • The sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in a mixture equals the total pressure.

• Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium

  • If p and q are the only two possible alleles for this characteristic, then the sum of the frequencies must add up to 1, or 100 percent.
  • If p and q are the only two possible alleles for a given trait in the population, these genotypes frequencies will sum to one: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 .

• No Perfect Organism

  • It is simply the sum of various forces and their influence on the genetic and phenotypic variance of a population.

• Gas Pressure and Respiration

  • Patm, the atmospheric pressure, is the sum of all of the partial pressures of the atmospheric gases added together: Patm = PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2= 760 mm Hg.

• Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms

  • The androecium is the sum of all the male reproductive organs, and the gynoecium is the sum of the female reproductive organs.

• Speciation

  • There are exceptions to this rule.
  • Many species are similar enough that hybrid offspring are possible and may often occur in nature, but for the majority of species this rule generally holds.

• Nonrandom Mating and Environmental Variance

  • Bergmann's Rule is an ecologic principle which states that as latitude increases the body mass of a particular species increases.
  • The data are taken from a Swedish study investigating the size of moose as latitude increases as shows the positive relationship between the two, supporting Bergmann's Rule.