neural

Examples of neural in the following topics:

• Establishing Body Axes during Development

  • The edges of the neural plate start to thicken and lift upward, forming the neural folds.
  • The center of the neural plate remains grounded, allowing a U-shaped neural groove to form.
  • In the head, neural crest cells migrate, the neural tube closes, and the overlying ectoderm closes.
  • In the trunk, overlying ectoderm closes, the neural tube closes and neural crest cells migrate.
  • (Neural tube is in green. )

• Neural Responses to Food

  • All three phases of digestive responses to food (the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal stages) are managed through enzymatic neural control.
  • Each requires many enzymes and is under neural control as well.
  • The first phase of ingestion, called the cephalic phase, is controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food.
  • All aspects, such as sight, sense, and smell, trigger the neural responses resulting in salivation and secretion of gastric juices.
  • This phase consists of local, hormonal, and neural responses.

• Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning

  • In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the formation of the neural system.
  • The remaining cells in the center form the neural plate.
  • The neural plate undergoes a series of cell movements where it rolls up and forms a tube called the neural tube .
  • In further development, the neural tube will give rise to the brain and the spinal cord.
  • The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord.

• Organogenesis

  • In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the formation of the neural system.
  • The remaining cells in the center form the neural plate.
  • The neural plate undergoes a series of cell movements where it rolls up and forms a tube called the neural tube.
  • In further development, the neural tube will give rise to the brain and the spinal cord .
  • The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord.

• Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural Stimuli

  • In some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as neural stimuli.

• Control of Muscle Tension

  • Neural control initiates the formation of actin–myosin cross-bridges, leading to the sarcomere shortening involved in muscle contraction .
  • In individual muscle fibers, the amount of tension produced depends primarily on the amount of cross-bridges formed, which is influenced by the cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber and the frequency of neural stimulation.

• Elimination

  • As the rectum expands in response to storage of fecal matter, it triggers the neural signals required to set up the urge to eliminate.

• Adrenal Glands

  • The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is stimulated by neural impulses from the sympathetic nervous system.
  • These neural impulses originate from the hypothalamus in response to stress to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response.

• Hormonal Regulation of Stress

  • If glycogen reserves were the only energy source available, neural functioning could not be maintained once the reserves became depleted due to the nervous system's high requirement for glucose.
  • The glucocorticoids mobilize lipid and protein reserves, stimulate gluconeogenesis, conserve glucose for use by neural tissue, and stimulate the conservation of salts and water.

• Vertebrate Axis Formation

  • In vertebrates, sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt morphogenetic signaling gradients establish the dorsoventral axis of the central nervous system during neural tube axial patterning.