neural plate

Examples of neural plate in the following topics:

• Establishing Body Axes during Development

  • Primary neurulation begins after the neural plate forms.
  • The edges of the neural plate start to thicken and lift upward, forming the neural folds.
  • The center of the neural plate remains grounded, allowing a U-shaped neural groove to form.
  • The dorsal part of the neural tube contains the alar plate, which is primarily associated with sensation.
  • The ventral part of the neural tube contains the basal plate, which is primarily associated with motor (i.e., muscle) control.

• Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning

  • In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the formation of the neural system.
  • The remaining cells in the center form the neural plate.
  • The neural plate undergoes a series of cell movements where it rolls up and forms a tube called the neural tube .
  • In further development, the neural tube will give rise to the brain and the spinal cord.
  • The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord.

• Organogenesis

  • In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the formation of the neural system.
  • The remaining cells in the center form the neural plate.
  • The neural plate undergoes a series of cell movements where it rolls up and forms a tube called the neural tube.
  • In further development, the neural tube will give rise to the brain and the spinal cord .
  • The central region of the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord.

• Neural Responses to Food

  • All three phases of digestive responses to food (the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal stages) are managed through enzymatic neural control.
  • Each requires many enzymes and is under neural control as well.
  • The first phase of ingestion, called the cephalic phase, is controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food.
  • This phase consists of local, hormonal, and neural responses.
  • Seeing a plate of food triggers the secretion of saliva in the mouth and the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

• Excitation–Contraction Coupling

  • A neural signal is the electrical trigger for calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm.
  • The area of the sarcolemma on the muscle fiber that interacts with the neuron is called the motor-end plate.
  • The end of the neuron's axon is called the synaptic terminal; it does not actually contact the motor-end plate.
  • A small space called the synaptic cleft separates the synaptic terminal from the motor-end plate.
  • As ACh binds at the motor end plate, this depolarization is called an end-plate potential.

• Growth of Bone

  • The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone.
  • On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, cartilage is formed.
  • The epiphyseal plate is composed of four zones of cells and activity.
  • All that remains of the epiphyseal plate is the epiphyseal line .
  • (a) Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone.

• Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural Stimuli

  • In some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as neural stimuli.

• The Mitotic Phase and the G0 Phase

  • A contractile ring composed of actin filaments forms just inside the plasma membrane at the former metaphase plate.
  • There, the vesicles fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is called a cell plate.
  • As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell.
  • During cytokinesis in animal cells, a ring of actin filaments forms at the metaphase plate.
  • In plant cells, Golgi vesicles coalesce at the former metaphase plate, forming a phragmoplast.

• Meiosis I

  • During metaphase I, the tetrads move to the metaphase plate with kinetochores facing opposite poles.
  • There are two possibilities for orientation at the metaphase plate.
  • In plants, a cell plate is formed during cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate.
  • This cell plate will ultimately lead to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells.

• Biogeography and the Distribution of Species

  • The biological distribution of species is based on the movement of tectonic plates over a period of time.
  • The geographic distribution of organisms on the planet follows patterns that are best explained by evolution in conjunction with the movement of tectonic plates over geological time.