lymph

Examples of lymph in the following topics:

• Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces

  • Lymph moves about the body through the lymphatic system, which is made up of vessels, lymph ducts, lymph glands, and organs such as tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen.
  • Lymph gathers antigens as it drains from tissues.
  • These antigens are filtered through lymph nodes before the lymph is returned to circulation.
  • Functionally, the spleen is to the blood as lymph nodes are to the lymph.
  • The liquid passes through (b) lymph nodes that filter the lymph that enters the node through afferent vessels, leaving through efferent vessels.

• Regulating Immune Tolerance

  • Processed antigens displayed on APCs are detected by T cells in the MALT and at various mucosal induction sites, such as the tonsils, adenoids, appendix, or the mesenteric lymph nodes of the intestine.
  • Immune tolerance is brought about by specialized APCs in the liver, lymph nodes, small intestine, and lung that present harmless antigens to a diverse population of regulatory T (Treg) cells: specialized lymphocytes that suppress local inflammation and inhibit the secretion of stimulatory immune factors.
  • Other antigen-loaded dendritic cells migrate through the lymphatic system where they activate B cells, T cells, and plasma cells in the lymph nodes.

• Antigen-presenting Cells: B and T cells

  • Once they are immunocompetent, the T and B cells migrate to the spleen and lymph nodes where they remain until they are called on during an infection.
  • B cells are involved in the humoral immune response, which targets pathogens loose in blood and lymph, while T cells are involved in the cell-mediated immune response, which targets infected cells.

• Altered Gene Expression in Cancer

  • Myc is a transcription factor that is aberrantly activated in Burkett's Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph system.

• Pathogen Recognition

  • When a pathogen enters the body, cells in the blood and lymph detect the specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the pathogen's surface.
  • A monocyte, a type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that circulates in the blood and lymph, differentiates into macrophages after it moves into infected tissue .

• Mechanics of Cellular Differentation

  • Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells: hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets ; endothelial stem cells, which give rise to the endothelial cell types that line blood and lymph vessels; and mesenchymal stem cells, which give rise to the different types of muscle cells.

• Humoral Immune Response

  • Once B cells mature in the bone marrow, they migrate to lymph nodes or other lymphatic organs, where they may begin to encounter pathogens.

• Types and Functions of Proteins

  • Additional proteins in the blood plasma and lymph carry nutrients and metabolic waste products throughout the body.

• History of Bacterial Diseases

  • Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, seizure, vomiting of blood, and (c) gangrene.