Examples of hormone in the following topics:
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- All hormones in the human body can be divided into lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones.
- One of the key, distinguishing features of lipid-derived hormones is that they can diffuse across plasma membranes whereas the amino acid-derived and peptide hormones cannot.
- The primary class of lipid hormones in humans is the steroid hormones.
- Examples of steroid hormones include estradiol, which is an estrogen, or female sex hormone, and testosterone, which is an androgen, or male sex hormone.
- The structures of peptide hormones (a) oxytocin, (b) growth hormone, and (c) follicle-stimulating hormone are shown.
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- The release of hormones can be triggered by changes in the blood ("humor"), by the actions of other hormones, or by neurological stimuli.
- Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone.
- A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands.
- The anterior pituitary, in turn, releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands.
- The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland, via hormones, to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
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- Hormones are chemical messengers that relay messages to cells that display specific receptors for each hormone and respond to the signal.
- All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones.
- Hormones mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific hormone receptors.
- Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone, but often also possess receptors for different types of hormones.
- Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone.
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- Amino acid-derived hormones and polypeptide hormones are not lipid-derived (lipid-soluble or fat-soluble); therefore, they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells.
- Lipid-insoluble hormones bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, via plasma membrane hormone receptors.
- Unlike steroid hormones, lipid-insoluble hormones do not directly affect the target cell because they cannot enter the cell and act directly on DNA.
- The effect of a hormone is amplified as the signaling pathway progresses.
- Describe the events that occur when a hormone binds to a plasma hormone receptor
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- The endocrine system plays a role in growth, metabolism, and other processes by releasing hormones into the blood.
- An animal's endocrine system controls body processes through the production, secretion, and regulation of hormones.
- Target cells, those having a receptor for a signal, respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone.
- Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal.
- By releasing hormones, the endocrine system plays a role in growth, metabolism, and sexual development.
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- The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
- Anterior pituitary hormones are sometimes referred to as tropic hormones because they control the functioning of other organs.
- While these hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary, their production is controlled by regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
- These regulatory hormones can be releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones, causing more or less of the anterior pituitary hormones to be secreted.
- Negative feedback then regulates how much of these regulatory hormones are released and how much anterior pituitary hormone is secreted.
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- The system is made of a series of glands that produce chemicals called hormones.
- One of the important factors under hormonal control is the stomach acid environment.
- Secretin acts in tandem with another hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK).
- Another level of hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food.
- Scientists are exploring the role of each hormone in the digestive process and developing ways to target these hormones.
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- Hormonal regulation is required for the growth and replication of most cells in the body.
- GH levels are regulated by two hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
- GH release is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and is inhibited by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also called somatostatin.
- A balanced production of growth hormone is critical for proper development.
- Oversecretion of growth hormone can lead to gigantism in children, causing excessive growth.
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- Lipid-derived (soluble) hormones such as steroid hormones diffuse across the lipid bilayer membranes of the endocrine cell.
- In this way, the steroid hormone regulates specific cell processes .
- Other lipid-soluble hormones that are not steroid hormones, such as vitamin D and thyroxine, have receptors located in the nucleus.
- The hormone-receptor complex stimulates transcription of specific genes in the same way that steroid hormones do.
- In the nucleus, the hormone-receptor complex binds to a DNA sequence called a hormone response element (HRE), which triggers gene transcription and translation.
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- This glycoprotein is the precursor to the thyroid hormones.
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
- These hormones increase the metabolic activity of the body‘s cells.
- These thyroid hormones increase the rates of mitochondrial ATP production.
- Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid, either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones.