Examples of genotype in the following topics:
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- The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype and its underlying genetic makeup is called its genotype.
- An organism's underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, is called its genotype.
- Johann Gregor Mendel's (1822–1884) hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype.
- Therefore, the F1 plants must have been genotypically different from the parent with violet flowers.
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- The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be used to estimate the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population.
- If two alleles are drawn at random from the gene pool, we can determine the probability of each genotype.
- Therefore, by knowing the recessive phenotype and, thereby, the frequency of that genotype (16 out of 100 individuals or 0.16), we can calculate the number of other genotypes.
- The horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the expected genotype frequencies.Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes.
- Use the Hardy Weinberg equation to calculate allelic and genotypic frequencies in a population
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- Independent assortment allows the calculation of genotypic and phenotypic ratios based on the probability of individual gene combinations.
- Arranging these gametes along the top and left of a 4 × 4 Punnett square gives us 16 equally likely genotypic combinations.
- From these genotypes, we infer a phenotypic ratio of 9 round/yellow:3 round/green:3 wrinkled/yellow:1 wrinkled/green .
- It would be extremely cumbersome to manually enter each genotype.
- Rather than writing out every possible genotype, we can use the probability method.
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- Each box then represents the diploid genotype of a zygote, or fertilized egg, that could result from this mating.
- Because each possibility is equally likely, genotypic ratios can be determined from a Punnett square.
- In this case, only one genotype is possible.
- Notice that there are two ways to obtain the Yy genotype: a Y from the egg and a y from the sperm, or a y from the egg and a Y from the sperm.
- Punnett square analysis can be used to predict the genotypes of the F2 generation.
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- In this case, the genotypic ratio would be 1 CRCR:2 CRCW:1 CWCW, and the phenotypic ratio would be 1:2:1 for red:pink:white.
- In a self-cross between heterozygotes expressing a codominant trait, the three possible offspring genotypes are phenotypically distinct.
- However, the 1:2:1 genotypic ratio characteristic of a Mendelian monohybrid cross still applies.
- Note that when many alleles exist for the same gene, the convention is to denote the most common phenotype or genotype among wild animals as the wild type (often abbreviated "+"); this is considered the standard or norm.
- All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type.
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- The recessive yellow genotype is epistatic to the B gene: mating two heterozygotes (BbEe) results in a 9:3:4 ratio of black (B_E_) to brown (bbE_) to yellow (__ee) offspring.
- Therefore, the genotypes AAcc, Aacc, and aacc all produce the same albino phenotype.
- Homozygous recessive expression of the W gene (ww) coupled with homozygous dominant or heterozygous expression of the Y gene (YY or Yy) generates yellow fruit, while the wwyy genotype produces green fruit.
- That is, every possible genotype other than aabb results in triangular seeds; a cross between heterozygotes for both genes (AaBb x AaBb) would yield offspring with a phenotypic ratio of 15 triangular:1 ovoid.
- The recessive c allele does not produce pigmentnand a mouse with the homozygous recessive cc genotype is albino regardless of the allele present at the A locus.
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- In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
- Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.
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- For the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross, the following three possible combinations of genotypes could result: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.
- The equal segregation of alleles is the reason we can apply the Punnett square to accurately predict the offspring of parents with known genotypes.
- Apply the law of segregation to determine the chances of a particular genotype arising from a genetic cross
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- Based on the appearance, or phenotypes, of the seven traits, Mendel developed genotypes for those traits .
- Based on Mendel's experiments, the genotype of the pea flowers could be determined from the phenotypes of the flowers.
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- However, consider two heterozygous parents that have a genotype of wild-type/nonfunctional mutant for a hypothetical essential gene.
- The genotypic ratio would therefore be 2:1.