differentiate

Examples of differentiate in the following topics:

• Cellular Differentiation

  • Cellular differentiation occurs so cells can specialize for different functions within an organism.
  • To develop a multicellular organisms, cells must differentiate to specialize for different functions.
  • The variation in proteomes between cell types is what drives differentiation and thus, specialization of cells.
  • Muscle satellite cells (progenitor cells) that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue
  • Mechanics of cellular differentiation can be controlled by growth factors which can induce cell division.

• Mechanics of Cellular Differentation

  • Cellular differentiation, a necessary process in development and maintenance of multicellularity, is regulated by transcription factors.
  • Throughout development and adulthood, the process of cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology.
  • Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
  • Stem cells are divided into several categories according to their potential to differentiate.
  • The process of hematopoiesis involves the differentiation of multipotent cells into blood and immune cells.

• Gene Expression in Stem Cells

  • Symmetric division maintains stem cell lines and asymmetric division yields differentiated cells.
  • Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division themselves before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. .
  • Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals.
  • This diagram illustrates stem cell division and differentiation, through the processes of (1) symmetric stem cell division, (2) asymmetric stem cell division, (3) progenitor division, and (4) terminal differentiation.
  • Stem cells are indicated by (A), progenitor cells by (B), and differentiated cells by (C).

• Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning

  • Organs form from the germ layers through the process of differentiation.
  • During differentiation, the embryonic stem cells express specific sets of genes which will determine their ultimate cell type.
  • As a result, these cells will differentiate into epidermal cells.
  • The process of differentiation is regulated by cellular signaling cascades.
  • If the signaling by growth factors were disrupted, then the entire ectoderm would differentiate into neural tissue.

• Organogenesis

  • During organogenesis, the three germ layers of the embryo differentiate and further specialize to form the various organs of the body.
  • During differentiation, the embryonic stem cells express specific sets of genes which will determine their ultimate cell type.
  • As a result, these cells will differentiate into epidermal cells.
  • Therefore, the process of differentiation is regulated by cellular signaling cascades.
  • If the signaling by growth factors were disrupted, then the entire ectoderm would differentiate into neural tissue.

• Immunological Memory

  • During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before, known as the primary immune response, plasma cells secreting antibodies and differentiated T cells increase, then plateau over time.
  • As B cells and T cells mature into effector cells, a subset of the naïve populations differentiates into B and T memory cells with the same antigen specificities .
  • However, if the host is re-exposed to the same pathogen type, circulating memory cells will immediately differentiate into plasma cells and TC cells without input from APCs or TH cells.
  • Memory B cells that differentiate into plasma cells output ten to hundred-fold greater antibody amounts than were secreted during the primary response .
  • Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, memory cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells that output a greater amount of antibody for a longer period of time.

• Plant Responses to Light

  • Plants respond to light stimuli by growing, differentiating, tracking the time of day and seasons, and moving toward or away from the light.
  • Plants can differentiate and develop in response to light (known as photomorphogenesis), which allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • The muscular system controls numerous very different functions, this is achieved by significant differentiation of muscle tissue morphology and function.
  • Cardiac muscle can be further differentiated from skeletal muscle by the presence of intercalated discs which control the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues.
  • Visible striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle are visible, differentiating them from the more randomised appearance of smooth muscle.

• Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation

  • At this stage of development, the inner cell mass consists of embryonic stem cells that will differentiate into the different cell types needed by the organism.
  • Each of these layers is called a germ layer, which differentiate into different organ systems .

• Signaling in Yeast

  • It is hypothesized that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues is needed to control the more sophisticated functions of development, differentiation, and cellular communication used in multicellular organisms.
  • In this micrograph, they are visualized using differential interference contrast microscopy, a light microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of the sample.