Examples of cytokine in the following topics:
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- One subclass of cytokines is the interleukin (IL), which mediates interactions between leukocytes (white blood cells).
- In addition to being released from cells after PAMP recognition, cytokines are released by the infected cells which bind to nearby uninfected cells, inducing those cells to release cytokines, resulting in a cytokine burst.
- A second class of cytokines is interferons , which are released by infected cells as a warning to nearby uninfected cells.
- Interferons are cytokines that are released by a cell infected with a virus.
- Describe the role of PAMPs and PRRs, interferons, and other cytokines in innate immunity
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- Cytokines are signaling molecules secreted by a TH cell in response to a pathogen-infected cell; they stimulate natural killer cells and phagocytes such as macrophages.
- Cytokines are also involved in stimulating TC cells, enhancing their ability to identify and destroy infected cells and tumors.
- A helper T cell becomes activated by binding to an antigen presented by an APC via the MHCII receptor, causing it to release cytokines.
- Depending on the cytokines released, this activates either the humoral or the cell-mediated immune response.
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- Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
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- This type of hypersensitivity involves the TH1 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response.
- Cortisone is typically used to treat such responses as it inhibits cytokine production.
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- The helper T cell binds to the antigen-MHC class II complex and is induced to release cytokines that induce the B cell to divide rapidly, making thousands of identical (clonal) cells.