cortex

Examples of cortex in the following topics:

• Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Lobes

  • It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum.
  • The cortex is composed of two hemispheres, right and left, which are separated by a large sulcus.
  • Areas within the motor cortex map to different muscle groups; there is some organization to this map .
  • The parietal lobe contains a somatosensory map of the body similar to the motor cortex.
  • Different parts of the motor cortex control different muscle groups.

• Nephron: The Functional Unit of the Kidney

  • Each kidney is composed of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex, giving it a granular appearance when sectioned sagittally (from front to rear).
  • Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons, deep in the renal cortex; the remaining 15 percent are juxtamedullary nephrons, which lie in the renal cortex close to the renal medulla.
  • The renal corpuscle, located in the renal cortex, is composed of a network of capillaries known as the glomerulus, as well as a cup-shaped chamber that surrounds it: the glomerular or Bowman's capsule.
  • The third part of the renal tubule is called the distal convoluted tubule (DCT); this part is also restricted to the renal cortex.
  • The glomerulus and convoluted tubules of the nephron are located in the cortex of the kidney, while the collecting ducts are located in the pyramids of the kidney's medulla.

• Adrenal Glands

  • The adrenal glands consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla, which secrete different hormones.
  • The adrenal cortex is made up of layers of epithelial cells and associated capillary networks.
  • Androgens are produced in small amounts by the adrenal cortex in both males and females.
  • The hormones made by the adrenal cortex supply long-term responses to stress.
  • These glands are composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

• Other Hormonal Controls for Osmoregulation

  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) stabilizes blood pressure and volume via the kidneys, liver, and adrenal cortex.
  • Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and also triggers the release of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
  • Mineralocorticoids are hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex that affect osmotic balance.
  • Patients who have Addison's disease have a failing adrenal cortex and cannot produce aldosterone.

• Brain: Midbrain and Brain Stem

  • Regions of the brain other than the cerebral cortex include those involved in sleep, memory, attention, motor coordination, and motivation.
  • The thalamus (Greek for "inner chamber") acts as a gateway to and from the cortex.
  • It receives sensory and motor inputs from the body and also receives feedback from the cortex.
  • It includes parts of the cerebral cortex located near the center of the brain, including the cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala.
  • Explain the structure and function of the non-cerebral cortex portions of the brain

• Visual Processing

  • When visual signals leave the thalamus, they travel to the primary visual cortex at the rear of the brain.
  • From the visual cortex, the visual signals travel in two directions.

• Female Reproductive Anatomy

  • An ovary consists of a medulla and cortex: the medulla contains nerves and blood vessels to supply the cortex with nutrients and remove waste.
  • The outer layers of cells of the cortex are the functional parts of the ovaries.
  • The cortex is made up of follicular cells that surround eggs.

• Stem Anatomy

  • The ground tissue towards the interior of the vascular tissue in a stem or root is known as pith, while the layer of tissue between the vascular tissue and the epidermis is known as the cortex .
  • The central pith (greenish-blue, in the center) and peripheral cortex (narrow zone 3–5 cells thick, just inside the epidermis) are composed of parenchyma cells.
  • Vascular tissue composed of xylem (red) and phloem tissue (green, between the xylem and cortex) surrounds the pith.
  • The central pith and outer cortex of the (a) flax stem are made up of parenchyma cells.
  • Inside the cortex is a layer of sclerenchyma cells, which make up the fibers in flax rope and clothing.

• Control of Muscle Tension

  • When using the biceps to pick up a pencil, for example, the motor cortex of the brain only signals a few neurons of the biceps so only a few myofibers respond.
  • On the other hand, when picking up a piano, the motor cortex signals all of the neurons in the biceps so that every myofiber participates.

• Kidney Structure

  • Internally, the kidney has three regions: an outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis in the region called the hilum of the kidney.
  • The interlobar arteries split at the junction of the renal cortex and medulla to form the arcuate arteries.