Examples of cognitive map in the following topics:
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- Cognitive learning relies on cognitive processes such as reasoning and abstract thinking; it is much more efficient than conditioning.
- In the reverse scenario, conditioning cannot help someone learn about cognition.
- Classic work on cognitive learning was done by Wolfgang Köhler with chimpanzees.
- Tolman proved a decade later that the rats were making a representation of the maze in their minds, which he called a "cognitive map."
- Describe research models that indicate the presence of cognitive learning in animals
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- Physical maps display the physical distance between genes and can be constructed using cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, or sequence mapping.
- There are three methods used to create a physical map: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping.
- Sequence mapping resulted from DNA sequencing technology that allowed for the creation of detailed physical maps with distances measured in terms of the number of base pairs.
- Genetic maps provide the outline and physical maps provide the details.
- Describe the methods used to physically map genes: cytogenetic mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, and sequence mapping
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- Areas within the motor cortex map to different muscle groups; there is some organization to this map .
- Neurons in the frontal lobe also control cognitive functions such as maintaining attention, speech, and decision-making.
- The parietal lobe contains a somatosensory map of the body similar to the motor cortex.
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- The mapping of genes relative to each other based on linkage analysis led to the development of the first genetic maps.
- The generation of genetic maps requires markers, just as a road map requires landmarks (such as rivers and mountains).
- Early genetic maps were based on the use of known genes as markers.
- Because genetic maps rely completely on the natural process of recombination, mapping is affected by natural increases or decreases in the level of recombination in any given area of the genome.
- For this reason, it is important to look at mapping information developed by multiple methods.
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- Just as information technology has led to Google maps that enable people to get detailed information about locations around the globe, genomic information is used to create similar maps of the DNA of different organisms .
- These findings have helped anthropologists to better understand human migration and have aided the field of medicine through the mapping of human genetic diseases.
- In genomics, the DNA of different organisms is compared, enabling scientists to create maps with which to navigate the DNA of different organisms.
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- In 1913, Alfred Sturtevant, a student in Morgan's laboratory, created the first "chromosome map," a linear representation of gene order and relative distance on a chromosome .To construct a chromosome map, Sturtevant assumed that genes were ordered serially on threadlike chromosomes.
- Sturtevant divided his genetic map into map units, or centimorgans (cM), in which a recombination frequency of 0.01 corresponds to 1 cM.
- By representing alleles in a linear map, Sturtevant suggested that genes can range from being perfectly linked (recombination frequency = 0) to being perfectly unlinked (recombination frequency = 0.5) when genes are on different chromosomes or genes are separated very far apart on the same chromosome.
- This genetic map orders Drosophila genes on the basis of recombination frequency.
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- Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
- Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map)
- Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
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- Activation of RTKs initiates a signaling pathway that includes a G-protein called RAS, which activates the MAP kinase pathway described earlier.
- The enzyme MAP kinase then stimulates the expression of proteins that interact with other cellular components to initiate cell division.
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- This map illustrates the various climate conditions around the world.
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- It is the hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for vigilant concentration in contrast to its most-chemically-similar hormone, dopamine, which is most responsible for cognitive alertness.