Industrial Revolution

(proper noun)

The major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century when the economy shifted from one based on manual labor to one dominated by machine manufacture.

Related Terms

  • Crystal Palace
  • William Le Baron Jenney
  • cast iron
  • Vorticism
  • Realism

Examples of Industrial Revolution in the following topics:

  • Changes in Technology

    • Building materials spawned by the Industrial Revolution, such as iron, steel, and sheet glass, determined new architectural techniques.
    • With the Industrial Revolution, the increasing availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the invention of equally new building techniques.
  • Cast-Iron Architecture

    • Cast-iron architecture was a popular style during the Industrial Revolution given its affordability, but it presented major safety issues.
    • Cast-iron architecture was a prominent style in the Industrial Revolution era when cast iron was relatively cheap, and modern steel had not yet been developed.
    • In the early era of the industrial revolution, cast iron was often used in factory construction, in part owing to the misconception that such structures would be fireproof.
  • Romanticism

    • Romanticism, fueled by the French Revolution, was a reaction to the scientific rationalism and classicism of the Age of Enlightenment.
    • Though influenced by other artistic and intellectual movements, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution created the primary context from which both Romanticism and the Counter-Enlightenment emerged.
    • Upholding the ideals of the Revolution, Romanticism was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and also a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.
    • The Industrial Revolution also had an influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism.
  • Modern Architecture: Form Follows Function

    • The Industrial Revolution introduced and popularized the use of steel, plate glass, as well as mass-produced components in architecture.
  • Germany and the United States

    • Truth and accuracy became the goals of many Realists, and their paintings usually depicted people at work, underscoring the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution.
  • Photography in America

    • The demand for portraiture that emerged from the middle classes during the Industrial Revolution could not be met in volume and in cost by oil painting, a factor which added to the push for the development of photography.
  • Revolution in France

    • During and after the French revolution, the academic system continued to produce artists, but some, like Jean-Honoré Fragonard and Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin, explored new and increasingly impressionist styles of painting with thick brushwork.
    • Before the onset of the French Revolution, the middle of the eighteenth century saw a turn to Neoclassicism in France, that is to say a conscious use of Greek and Roman forms and iconography.
    • The French neoclassical style would greatly contribute to the monumentalism of the French revolution.
    • David's paintings are representative not only of the break between Rococo and Neoclassicalism, but also the glorification of republican virtues and revolutionary figures throughout the course of the French Revolution.
    • The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars brought great changes to the arts in France.
  • Modern Chinese Painting

    • The Cultural Revolution was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976.
    • One of the stated goals of the Cultural Revolution was to bring an end to the Four Olds—Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.
    • Traditional themes in art were sidelined the Cultural Revolution, and artists such as Feng Zikai, Shi Lu, and Pan Tianshou were persecuted.
    • Some of the most enduring images of Cultural Revolution come from the poster art.
    • Following the Cultural Revolution, many art schools and professional organizations were reinstated.
  • Mexican Muralism

    • In 1921, after the end of the Mexican Revolution, José Vasconcelos was appointed to head the Secretaría de Educación Pública.
    • At the time, most of the Mexican population was illiterate and the government needed a way to promote the ideals of the Mexican Revolution.
    • They are known to have believed that art was the highest form of human expression and a key force in social revolution.
    • The differences among the three have much to do with how each experienced the Mexican Revolution.
    • Unlike other artists, Orozco never glorified the Mexican Revolution, having fought in it, but rather depicted the horrors of this war.
  • Painting and Sculpture

    • The French neoclassical style would greatly contribute to the monumentalism of the French Revolution, as typified in the structures La Madeleine Church, which is in the form of a Greek temple, and the mammoth Panthéon (1764-1812) modeled on the ancient Roman Pantheon.
    • During the French Revolution, the Greek and Roman subject matters were also often chosen to promote the values of republicanism over the frivolous Rococo art of the nobility.
    • Hence, there are many paintings that glorify the heroes and martyrs of the French Revolution, such as David's iconic painting of the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat, that are inspired by classical aesthetic forms.
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